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Tuesday, March 3, 2020

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER STUDIES PART-2


FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER STUDIES PART-2

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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE-




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      Hardware is the team given to the physicaly components of a computer: e.g. keyboard, monitor, system box or floppy disk drive. Software, on the other hand, is electronc information: file, operating system, graphics, computer programs are all example of software. The difference bitween hardware and software reflects the duality between the physical and mental worls: for example, your brain is hardware, whereas your mind is software.
           
      Software is the stuff that makes your computer do things for you. The computer without software would be like a home entertainment system with no tapes, CD’s, or movies-you have the machine, but there’s nothing to play on it. Software is continually develops a new version of their software they assign it a version number: Before Microsoft Word 7, there was Microsoft Word 6.0.1, and before that Word 6.0. The larger the developments made to the software, the larger the virson number changes. Usually a large change will result in a whole number upgrade; a small change may result in a tenth of a decimal place.
            
     Hardware are those components or physical pieces (things you can touch) that make up the computer: The different pieces of the computer’s hardware are monitor, speakers, mouse, CDROM, floppy drive, hard dreive, keyboard, CPU, RAM, Processor, etc. Each pieces plays a role in the operation of a computer.






DIFFERENT PARTS OF A COMPUTER AND THEIR USES.


            
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DIFFERENT PARTS OF A COMPUTERS AND THEIR USES
   


         The standard computer consists of a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse and the system unit. One can attach accessories such as printers and scanners by means of ports. Increasingly in the workplace, computers are connected to printers and other computers by means of a network.









THE MONITOR-



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MONITOR
This is the Visual Display Unit (VDU). There are versious technologies for the display unit, cathode ray tube (CRT) or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or electro luminescent screens or the projector: The monitor or screen displays your work. Facing it down reduces reflected glare from room lights. This reflection may affect your sight. Monitors come in different sizes. The (most important) size of monitor is measured digonally on the screen (in inches). Based on this, the monitors range in sizes of 12’’, 14’’, 15’’, 17’’, 19’’, 21’’, 29’’, etc. Monitors are also characterized by the flatness of their screen. The flatter and the wider screens are usually the better.






THE SYSTEM BOX OR COMPUTER CONSOLE-


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C.P.U

      The system box is where all the computations that the computer performs take place. Inside are the CPU processor, the motherboard, the hard disk, any network or sound cards, memory Outside the casings are the power buttons (ON/OFF and Restart) with some additional facilities like the casing USB ports, Webcams, etc.

 Central Processing Unit (CPU).
       
         The CPU is a single microprocessor that holds a large number of circuits.


The CPU receivers data from the ROM, RAM, and keyboard. It sends data to the RAM for storage, and to output devices, such as the monitor. 

















THE KEYBOARD (PRESSING)-




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KEYBOARD
   This is the basic input device. It is one of the ways you can tell computer what to do. It consists of the standard typewriter keys as well as a numeric keys. You can use it to give computer commands, name folders and files, and type text in word processing documents. The keyboard is made of three main categories of keys with each used for a different purpose.
   

                  

             i.        Character Keys: These comprise of letters, numbers and the symbols. They are used to insert/display readable characters on the screen which is equivalent to the keystroke pressed.


  Letters           a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z

  Numbers        0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9



   ii.            Action Keys: these are not used to type anything, instead they cause an acton. Escape, Tap, Caps Lock, Shift, Control, Alt, Backspace, Enter, Window, Win Menu, Print Screen, Scroll Lock, Pause break, Number Lock, Insert , Home, Page Up, Delete, End, Page Down, Power, Sleep, Wake up, Up Arrow, Left Arrow, Right Arrow, Down Arrow, and Space Bar.




  iii.            Application-Dependant Keys: These are called function keys: They are F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9 , F10, F11, and F12. Although the F1 key is usually to get help while working in Microsoft Windows, the use of the other keys varies from application to another. Eventually, the application you see will give you instructions on what to do and how to use the function keys. 


 KEY COMBINATIONS-


Some keys can be combined to produce uppercase letters or to access the upper symbols some keys (i.e. the Shift and Control keys). Keys are also combined for many other reasons. In some situations, you have to press keys simultaneousl, which means that you may be expected to press two or more keys at the same time, or almost at the same time. In some other situations, you may have to press and release one key, followed by another. 


SHORTCUTS-


A shortcuts is a quick action you ask a program to perform when you press one particular key or a combination of keys. Some shortcuts are universal or almost, that is, the computer responds regardless of what application is running. Some other shortcuts depend on what you have on your screen. Some shortcuts are already known to the computer (as part of the operating system). Most other shortcuts are set by the programmer of the particular application you are using. Yet some applications allow you to create your own shortcuts. Some shortcuts are redily obvious and can be seen from the main menu of the application. Some other shortcuts are either part of Microsoft Windows (and can be applied in your program) or are not easily displayed, you might have to search the help socumentation of the program you are using.





THE MOUSE (CLICKING AND DRAGGING)-





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THE MOUSE  (CLICKING AND DRAGGING) 
      


This is another input device used to moved a small white arrow pointer-the Cursor (but the shape will change depending on the context in which the mouse is being used) on the screen. By pointing and clicking you can carry out commands. The computer may ask you to verify that you are sure to rename a file, by clicking on the ‘OK’ button. A mouse is primarily made of three parts: the buttons, the handing area, and the sensor (rolling object or light). There are either one, two or three mouse buttons. By default, a mouse has two buttons: left and right. Most mice nowadays are also equipped with wheel on top of the middel button called the Scroll Button.







      To use the mouse, the first decision you make is to know which of your two hands you will be using to handle the mouse. By default, the mouse is configured to work for right hand. If you are left-handed, the settings can be changed to suit your needs: start-Control Panel-Double click Mouse-on the Buttons Tab, Check the Switch Primary and Secondary Buttons check box.

You can also change the cursor from the default Up-Left Pointing to another but you should know that this is best determined by the computer as this varies from program to program. To change, click the pointer’s Tab. Also click the other tabs to review the different properties.



Note- the expression ‘’by default’’ means ‘’if everything is not (yet) changed from the original or normal settings’’.
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MOUSE PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

The tip of the mouse pointer must be positioned on the item you want to use (Pointing). To select an item, point to the item and click once (Selection . Left Clicking). Double-clicking (left button) on an icon invokes a command or launches an application.
Dragging an item (icon or other object) from one location to another, position the mouse pointer on the item, click and hold the mouse buttons (left, right) down, and move the item to the new location.

Right Clicking (right button) invokes a shortcut (contextual) menu that contains all the actions that are related to the item. Some applications, namely programs used to manipulate text (they are
called word processors), allow you to triple-click.

On Windows machines, there is a left and right mouse button. Most time you use the left mouse button (if you are right-handed). On some newer Macs, the same feature can be used with their single mouse button by holding down the Control key as you click an item on the screen.



The Peripherals


All the parts we have reviewed so far are usually required for the computer to function. Some other parts, not required, can also be connected to the computer to complement it. A peripheral is an object attached to the computer to help it perform some necessary assignments none of the other parts can handle. In most scenarios, no peripheral is required but nowadays, it is unusual for a computer not to have any peripheral at all. The most used peripherals are the printer, a digital camera, a scanner, a projector, an external drive (such as an external CD burner for an old computer), etc.



Disk Size Conversion Chart (Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes and Gigabytes)



Bit- Binary digit:-a single elements in the computer memory that can store either 1 or 0

Word . 1Byte, 2Byte or 4Byte depending on the machine. Generally computer word length is giving in bits; hence we have 8bit, 18bit or 32bit microprocessor computer.


Table 1: Computer Storage Devices Unit Conversion

Unit                   Equivalent to
1Byte                    8 Bits
1kilobyte (kB)      1,024Byte
1MB                     1,024KB = 1,024,000Byte

1GB                      1,024MB = 1,024,000,000Byte



                                                   CONTINUE ON PART-3


                                                                                                       ( KESHAV DEV SHARMA ) 

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